Tuberculosis

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Education in Health Care

Sulfhemoglobinemia- The green blood in body

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Sulfhemoglobinemia Introduction It is a rare condition in which there is excess sulfhemoglobin (sulfHb) in the blood. The pigment is a greenish derivative of hemoglobin which cannot be converted back to normal functional hemoglobin. It causes cyanosis even at low blood levels. It occurs when a sulfar atom is incorporated into the Hb molecule. When hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or sulfide ions and ferric ions combine in the blood, the blood is incapable of carrying oxygen . History In 1866, Hoppe- seyler observed the formation of a green product after reaching Hb-O2 with H2S and called this green derivatives sulfhemoglobin (SulfHb). Naturally occuring sulfHb is postulated to be derived from H2S produced by intestinal bacteria, but the mode of formation has not yet been elucidated. Sulf-Hb seldom exceeds 10% of the total Hb present. These sulfheme derivatives exhibit lower affinity towards O2 compared to the native proteins and cannot be reverted to the normal funct
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Presumptive signs of pregnancy

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Presumptive signs of pregnancy There are three types of signs to determine the pregnancy. Presumptive Signs Probable Signs Positive Signs  Presumptive Signs Usually noted by patients. It is not the proof of pregnancy but the signs to suspect of pregnancy. Also known as early signs of pregnancy. Amenorrhea  ( Cessation of  menstruation)  Earliest clues of pregnancy. No periodic blood after onset of pregnancy. Other causes of amenorrhea are:                                                            # Menopause , Stress, Chronic Illness ( TB, endocrine disorders or CNS       abnormalities), Anemia, Excessive Exercises 2. Breast Changes Mostly evident on 6-8 weeks of pregnancy Increased size of breast. Vascular engorgement Hyper-pigmentation of nipple and areola  due to increased level of MSH (Melano stimulating hormone) It occurs due to increase level of estrogen hormone. Montogomery's tubercles: It is t
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Normal Blood Circulation Flow Chart

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Normal Blood Circulation Deoxygenated blood collects from head, neck, upper limbs & thorax through superior vena cava and abdomen, pelvis & lower limbs through inferior vena cava into RA by coronary sinus.                                                                  🔻 Contraction of RA forces blood into RV through tri-cuspid valve.                                                     🔻 RV contraction propels the deoxygenated blood into pulmonary trunk through semi lunar valve.                                                     🔻 Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary artery which carry deoxygenated blood into their respective lungs. These are the only artery which carry deoxygenated blood.                                                                 🔻 Oxygenated blood returns to LA from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins. These are the only vein which carry oxygenated blood.                                                   
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